# 🔹 Operators in C++

Operators are **symbols** that perform operations on variables and values.  
For example:

```plaintext
int a = 10, b = 5;
cout << a + b;   // + is an operator (Addition)
```

C++ operators are mainly divided into categories:

---

## 1\. **Arithmetic Operators**

Used for mathematical operations.

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `+` | Addition | `a + b = 15` |
| `-` | Subtraction | `a - b = 5` |
| `*` | Multiplication | `a * b = 50` |
| `/` | Division | `a / b = 2` |
| `%` | Modulus (Remainder) | `a % b = 0` |

---

## 2\. **Relational (Comparison) Operators**

Used to compare two values.  
They return **true (1)** or **false (0)**.

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `==` | Equal to | `a == b → false` |
| `!=` | Not equal to | `a != b → true` |
| `>` | Greater than | `a > b → true` |
| `<` | Less than | `a < b → false` |
| `>=` | Greater than or equal to | `a >= b → true` |
| `<=` | Less than or equal to | `a <= b → false` |

---

## 3\. **Logical Operators**

Used for decision making (conditions).

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `&&` | Logical AND (true if both are true) | `(a > 5 && b > 2) → true` |
| `||` | Logical OR (true if at least one is true) | `(a > 5 || b > 10) → true` |
| `!` | Logical NOT (reverses result) | `!(a > b) → false` |

---

## 4\. **Assignment Operators**

Used to assign values.

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `=` | Assigns value | `x = 10` |
| `+=` | Adds and assigns | `x += 5; // x = x + 5` |
| `-=` | Subtract and assign | `x -= 5;` |
| `*=` | Multiply and assign | `x *= 2;` |
| `/=` | Divide and assign | `x /= 2;` |
| `%=` | Modulus and assign | `x %= 2;` |

---

## 5\. **Increment and Decrement Operators**

Change the value by **+1 or -1**.

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `++` | Increment by 1 | `++a;` (pre-increment) / `a++;` (post-increment) |
| `--` | Decrement by 1 | `--a;` / `a--;` |

---

## 6\. **Bitwise Operators**

Work at the **bit level** (used in low-level programming).

| Operator | Meaning | Example (a=5=0101, b=3=0011) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `&` | AND | `a & b = 1` (0001) |
| `|` | OR | `a | b = 7` (0111) |
| `^` | XOR | `a ^ b = 6` (0110) |
| `~` | NOT (1’s complement) | `~a = -6` |
| `<<` | Left shift | `a << 1 = 10` (1010) |
| `>>` | Right shift | `a >> 1 = 2` (0010) |

---

## 7\. **Conditional (Ternary) Operator**

Shorthand for **if-else**.

```plaintext
int a = 10, b = 20;
int max = (a > b) ? a : b;   // max = 20
```

---

## 8\. **Comma Operator**

Used to separate multiple expressions, returns the **last value**.

```plaintext
int x = (5, 10); // x = 10
```

---

## 9\. **sizeof Operator**

Gives size of a data type in **bytes**.

```plaintext
cout << sizeof(int);  // 4
```

---

## 10\. **Pointer Operators**

Used with pointers.

| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `&` | Address-of operator | `&a` gives address of `a` |
| `*` | Dereference operator | `*ptr` gives value stored at pointer |

---

✅ Example program using multiple operators:

```plaintext
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 5;
    
    cout << "Arithmetic: " << a + b << endl;
    cout << "Relational: " << (a > b) << endl;
    cout << "Logical: " << (a > 0 && b > 0) << endl;
    cout << "Assignment: " << (a += 2) << endl;
    cout << "Bitwise AND: " << (a & b) << endl;
    cout << "Sizeof int: " << sizeof(int) << endl;
    
    return 0;
}
```